Intersectional stigmas are associated with lower viral suppression rates and antiretroviral therapy adherence among women living with HIV
Andrea Norcini Pala, Mirjam-Colette Kempf, Deborah Konkle‐Parker, Tracey E. Wilson, Phyllis C. Tien, Gina M. Wingood, Torsten B. Neilands, Mallory O. Johnson, Sheri D. Weiser, Carmen H. Logie, Janet M. Turan, Bülent Turan
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To explore the associations between intersectional poverty, HIV, sex, and racial stigma, adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), and viral suppression among women with HIV (WHIV). DESIGN: We examined intersectional stigmas, self-report ART adherence, and viral suppression using cross-sectional data. METHODS: Participants were WHIV ( N = 459) in the Women's Adherence and Visit Engagement, a Women's Interagency HIV Study substudy. We used Multidimensional Latent Class Item Response Theory and Bayesian models to analyze intersectional stigmas and viral load adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical covariates. RESULTS: We identified five intersectional stigma-based latent classes. The likelihood of viral suppression was approximately 90% lower among WHIV who experienced higher levels of poverty, sex, and racial stigma or higher levels of all intersectional stigmas compared with WHIV who reported lower experiences of intersectional stigmas. ART adherence accounted for but did not fully mediate some of the associations between latent intersectional stigma classes and viral load. CONCLUSION: The negative impact of intersectional stigmas on viral suppression is likely mediated, but not fully explained, by reduced ART adherence. We discuss the research and clinical implications of our findings.