Unclear Issues Regarding COVID-19
Berrin Er, Metin Akgün, Fatma Gülsüm Karakaş, Selçuk Gürz, Bilge Kara, İlim Irmak, Ethem Yıldız, Pınar Yıldız Gülhan, Merve Erçelik, Neslihan Kose, Asena Aydın, Dorina Esendağlı, Neslihan Özçelik, Hilal Özakıncı, Fatma Esra Günaydın, Ali Fırıncıoğluları, Aycan Yüksel, Aslı Öncel, Mehmet Fatih Elversli, Tuğba Ramaslı Gürsoy, Ümran Özden Sertçelik, Selman Celik, Elif Develi, İrem Şerifoğlu, Nagehan Emiralioğlu, Tuğba Şişmanlar Eyüboğlu, Hüseyin Arıkan, Feride Marım, Zehra Nur Töreyin, Fatma Tokgöz Akyıl, Canan Gunduz Gurkan, Dilek Karadoğan
Abstract
Scientists from all over the world have been intensively working to discover different aspects of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) since the first cluster of cases was reported in China. Herein, we aimed to investigate unclear issues related to transmission and pathogenesis of disease as well as accuracy of diagnostic tests and treatment modalities. A literature search on PubMed, Ovid, and EMBASE databases was conducted, and articles pertinent to identified search terms were extracted. A snow-ball search strategy was followed in order to retrieve additional relevant articles. It was reported that viral spread may occur during the asymptomatic phase of infection, and viral load was suggested to be a useful marker to assess disease severity. In contrast to immune response against viral infections, cytotoxic T lymphocytes decline in SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can be partially explained by direct invasion of T lymphocytes or apoptosis activated by SARS-CoV-2. Dysregulation of the urokinase pathway, cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein by FXa and FIIa, and consumption coagulopathy were the proposed mechanisms of the coagulation dysfunction in COVID-19. False-negative rates of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction varied between 3% and 41% across studies. The probability of the positive test was proposed to decrease with the number of days past from symptom onset. Safety issues related to infection spread limit the use of high flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in hypoxic patients. Further studies are required to elucidate the challenging issues, thus enhancing the management of COVID-19 patients.