Inclusion of Nitrofurantoin into the Realm of Cancer Chemotherapy via Biology-Oriented Synthesis and Drug Repurposing
Perihan A. Elzahhar, Hisham A. Nematalla, Houssam Al-Koussa, Carla Abrahamian, Amira F. El‐Yazbi, Amira F. El-Yazbi, Larry Bodgi, Jolie Bou-Gharios, Joyce Azzi, Joelle Al Choboq, Hala F. Labib, Wassim Abou‐Kheir, Marwa M. Abu‐Serie, Mohamed A. Elrewiny, Ahmed F. El‐Yazbi, Ahmed F. El‐Yazbi, Ahmed S.F. Belal
Abstract
Structural modifications of the antibacterial drug nitrofurantoin were envisioned, employing drug repurposing and biology-oriented drug synthesis, to serve as possible anticancer agents. Eleven compounds showed superior safety in non-cancerous human cells. Their antitumor efficacy was assessed on colorectal, breast, cervical, and liver cancer cells. Three compounds induced oxidative DNA damage in cancer cells with subsequent cellular apoptosis. They also upregulated the expression of Bax while downregulated that of Bcl-2 along with activating caspase 3/7. The DNA damage induced by these compounds, demonstrated by pATM nuclear shuttling, was comparable in both MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 (p53 mutant) cell lines. Mechanistic studies confirmed the dependence of these compounds on p53-mediated pathways as they suppressed the p53–MDM2 interaction. Indeed, exposure of radiosensitive prostatic cancer cells to low non-cytotoxic concentrations of compound 1 enhanced the cytotoxic response to radiation indicating a possible synergistic effect. In vivo antitumor activity was verified in an MCF7-xenograft animal model.