Pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction of lycopene and -carotene from industrial grated tomato by-products
Laleh Mozafari, Marina Cano‐Lamadrid, Lorena Martínez‐Zamora, María C. Bueso, Mathieu Kessler, Francisco Artés‐Hernández
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study the effect of temperature, time, and amplitude as operating variables (using Response Surface Methodology -RSM-on ethanolic pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of carotenoids from industrial grated tomato by-products, due to be a great source of lycopene. The major strength of the study is the use of industrial tomato by-products. A Central Composite Design was used for RSM optimization. Fixed variables were particle size (<56 μm), solid:liquid ratio (2:25), and duty cycle (30:30). Carotenoids were quantified as equivalents of β-carotene (for lutein and ∑β-carotene), and lycopene (∑Lycopene and ∑Carotenoids). Our results indicate that the 3 operating variables have a considerable effect on the ∑β-carotene, ∑Lycopene, and ∑Carotenoids content extraction. In general, longer times and lower temperatures showed higher carotenoid extraction yields, while amplitudes higher to 65% showed a great UAE yield. The maximum lycopene extraction (2586 mg kg−1 fdw) was obtained at 45 °C with an amplitude of 82 % during 28 min. A maximum ∑β-carotene extraction (161 mg kg−1 fdw) was obtained 45 °C with an amplitude of 82 % during 23 min. The results could be directly used by the industry as a first step for their protocols optimization.