PCA-Assisted Blood Glucose Monitoring Using Metamaterial-Inspired Sensor
Ala Eldin Omer, George Shaker, Safieddin Safavi‐Naeini
Abstract
A metamaterial-inspired sensor is developed for noninvasive blood glucose monitoring. The sensor operating between 3–4 GHz integrates three resonant cells of single split rings with a microstrip line on a 66 × 20 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> dielectric substrate.The proposed design exploits the inter-resonator coupling between adjacent cells to enlarge the sensing zone for more intensive interaction with the glucose tissue. The sensitivity performance for glucose detection is numerically analyzed at different geometrical parameters using a single-pole Debye model to approximate the dispersing behavior of the varying glucose on top of a skin layer. The resulting scattering responses to glucose variations are projected into a low-dimensional space using the principal component analysis algorithm to epitomize the data variances near resonance in fewer variables with a higher spatial resolution.The desired performance of the prototyped sensor is practically validated by measuring synthetic types of blood of 100–300 mg/dL inside a 3-D printed ear phantom using a vector network analyzer with higher sensitivity (∼0.0125 dB/[mg/dL]) than that of a single-cell double split-ring type.