Thrombo-Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease: An Expert Consensus Document from the Third Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis
Elisa D’Alessandro, Christian Becker, Wolfgang Bergmeier, Christoph Bode, Joshua H. Bourne, Helena Brown, Harry R. Büller, Arina J. ten Cate‐Hoek, Vincent ten Cate, Yvonne J M van Cauteren, Hilaire Yam Fung Cheung, Audrey Cleuren, Daniëlle M. Coenen, Harry J.G.M. Crijns, Ilaria De Simone, Sophie Dólleman, Christine Espinola Klein, Delia I. Fernández, Lianne Granneman, Arnoud W.J. van ’t Hof, Peter K. Henke, Yvonne Henskens, Jingnan Huang, Lisa K. Jennings, Natalie J. Jooss, Mieke F.A. Karel, Danique van den Kerkhof, Frederikus A. Klok, Bram Kremers, Bernhard Lämmle, Avi Leader, Annika Lundström, Nigel Mackman, Pier Mannuccio Mannucci, Zahra Maqsood, Paola E. J. van der Meijden, Marc van Moorsel, Luis A. Morán, John Morser, Manouk van Mourik, Stefano Navarro, Raluca A. I. Neagoe, Renske H. Olie, Pauline van Paridon, Jens Posma, Isabella Provenzale, Pieter H. Reitsma, Billy Scaf, Leon J. Schurgers, Jaap Seelig, Agneta Siegbahn, Bob Siegerink, Oliver Soehnlein, Eva Soriano, Marcin A. Sowa, Henri M.H. Spronk, Robert F. Storey, Chukiat Tantiwong, Alicia Veninga, Xueqing Wang, Steve P. Watson, Jeff Weitz, Sacha Zeerleder, Hugo Ten Cate, Scientific Reviewer Committee
Abstract
Thrombo-inflammation describes the complex interplay between blood coagulation and inflammation that plays a critical role in cardiovascular diseases. The third Maastricht Consensus Conference on Thrombosis assembled basic, translational, and clinical scientists to discuss the origin and potential consequences of thrombo-inflammation in the etiology, diagnostics, and management of patients with cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. This article presents a state-of-the-art reflection of expert opinions and consensus recommendations regarding the following topics: (1) challenges of the endothelial cell barrier; (2) circulating cells and thrombo-inflammation, focused on platelets, neutrophils, and neutrophil extracellular traps; (3) procoagulant mechanisms; (4) arterial vascular changes in atherogenesis; attenuating atherosclerosis and ischemia/reperfusion injury; (5) management of patients with arterial vascular disease; and (6) pathogenesis of venous thrombosis and late consequences of venous thromboembolism.