Functional SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory persists after mild COVID-19
Lauren B. Rodda, Jason Netland, Laila Shehata, Kurt B. Pruner, Peter A. Morwaski, Christopher D. Thouvenel, Kennidy K. Takehara, Julie Eggenberger, Emily A. Hemann, Hayley R. Waterman, Mitchell L. Fahning, Yu Chen, Malika Hale, Jennifer A. Rathe, Caleb Stokes, Samuel Wrenn, Brooke Fiala, Lauren Carter, Jessica A. Hamerman, Neil P. King, Michael Gale, Jr., Daniel Campbell, David J. Rawlings, Marion Pepper
Abstract
Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is causing a global pandemic, and cases continue to rise. Most infected individuals experience mildly symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but it is unknown whether this can induce persistent immune memory that could contribute to immunity. We performed a longitudinal assessment of individuals recovered from mild COVID-19 to determine whether they develop and sustain multifaceted SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory. Recovered individuals developed SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies, neutralizing plasma, and memory B and memory T cells that persisted for at least 3 months. Our data further reveal that SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG memory B cells increased over time. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2-specific memory lymphocytes exhibited characteristics associated with potent antiviral function: memory T cells secreted cytokines and expanded upon antigen re-encounter, whereas memory B cells expressed receptors capable of neutralizing virus when expressed as monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, mild COVID-19 elicits memory lymphocytes that persist and display functional hallmarks of antiviral immunity.