Projected state ensemble of a generic model of many-body quantum chaos
Amos Chan, A. De Luca
Abstract
Abstract The projected ensemble is based on the study of the quantum state of a subsystem A conditioned on projective measurements in its complement. Recent studies have observed that a more refined measure of the thermalization of a chaotic quantum system can be defined on the basis of convergence of the projected ensemble to a quantum state design, i.e. a system thermalizes when it becomes indistinguishable, up to the k th moment, from a Haar ensemble of uniformly distributed pure states. Here we consider a random unitary circuit with the brick-wall geometry and analyze its convergence to the Haar ensemble through the frame potential and its mapping to a statistical mechanical problem. This approach allows us to highlight a geometric interpretation of the frame potential based on the existence of a fluctuating membrane, similar to those appearing in the study of entanglement entropies. At large local Hilbert space dimension q , we find that all moments converge simultaneously with a time scaling linearly in the size of region A , a feature previously observed in dual unitary models. However, based on the geometric interpretation, we argue that the scaling at finite q on the basis of rare membrane fluctuations, finding the logarithmic scaling of design times <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>k</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo></mml:mo><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> . Our results are supported with numerical simulations performed at q = 2.