An Artificial Intelligence System for the Detection of Bladder Cancer via Cystoscopy: A Multicenter Diagnostic Study
Shaoxu Wu, Xiong Chen, Jiexin Pan, Wen Dong, Xiayao Diao, Ruiyun Zhang, Yonghai Zhang, Yuanfeng Zhang, Guang Qian, Hao Chen, Haotian Lin, Shizhong Xu, Zhiwen Chen, Xiaozhou Zhou, Hongbing Mei, Chenglong Wu, Qiang Lv, Baorui Yuan, Zeshi Chen, Wenjian Liao, Xuefan Yang, Haige Chen, Jian Huang, Tianxin Lin
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cystoscopy plays an important role in bladder cancer (BCa) diagnosis and treatment, but its sensitivity needs improvement. Artificial intelligence has shown promise in endoscopy, but few cystoscopic applications have been reported. We report a Cystoscopy Artificial Intelligence Diagnostic System (CAIDS) for BCa diagnosis. METHODS: In total, 69 204 images from 10 729 consecutive patients from 6 hospitals were collected and divided into training, internal validation, and external validation sets. The CAIDS was built using a pyramid scene parsing network and transfer learning. A subset (n = 260) of the validation sets was used for a performance comparison between the CAIDS and urologists for complex lesion detection. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Clopper-Pearson method. RESULTS: The diagnostic accuracies of the CAIDS were 0.977 (95% CI = 0.974 to 0.979) in the internal validation set and 0.990 (95% CI = 0.979 to 0.996), 0.982 (95% CI = 0.974 to 0.988), 0.978 (95% CI = 0.959 to 0.989), and 0.991 (95% CI = 0.987 to 0.994) in different external validation sets. In the CAIDS vs urologists' comparisons, the CAIDS showed high accuracy and sensitivity (accuracy = 0.939, 95% CI = 0.902 to 0.964; sensitivity = 0.954, 95% CI = 0.902 to 0.983) with a short latency of 12 seconds, much more accurate and quicker than the expert urologists. CONCLUSIONS: The CAIDS achieved accurate BCa detection with a short latency. The CAIDS may provide many clinical benefits, from increasing the diagnostic accuracy for BCa, even for commonly misdiagnosed cases such as flat cancerous tissue (carcinoma in situ), to reducing the operation time for cystoscopy.