Pre-symptomatic modified phytohormone profile is associated with lower phytoplasma titres in an Arabidopsis seor1ko line
Chiara Bernardini, Laura Pagliari, Valeria De Rosa, Marília Almeida-Trapp, Simonetta Santi, Marta Martini, Sara Buoso, Alberto Loschi, N. Loi, Fiorella Chiesa, Axel Mithöfer, Aart J. E. van Bel, Rita Musetti
Abstract
The proteins AtSEOR1 and AtSEOR2 occur as conjugates in the form of filaments in sieve elements of Arabidopsis thaliana. A reduced phytoplasma titre found in infected defective-mutant Atseor1ko plants in previous work raised the speculation that non-conjugated SEOR2 is involved in the phytohormone-mediated suppression of Chrysanthemum Yellows (CY)-phytoplasma infection transmitted by Euscelidius variegatus (Ev). This early and long-lasting SEOR2 impact was revealed in Atseor1ko plants by the lack of detectable phytoplasmas at an early stage of infection (symptomless plants) and a lower phytoplasma titre at a later stage (fully symptomatic plants). The high insect survival rate on Atseor1ko line and the proof of phytoplasma infection at the end of the acquisition access period confirmed the high transmission efficiency of CY-phytoplasma by the vectors. Transmission electron microscopy analysis ruled out a direct role of SE filament proteins in physical phytoplasma containment. Time-correlated HPLC-MS/MS-based phytohormone analyses revealed increased jasmonate levels in midribs of Atseor1ko plants at an early stage of infection and appreciably enhanced levels of indole acetic acid and abscisic acid at the early and late stages. Effects of Ev-probing on phytohormone levels was not found. The results suggest that SEOR2 interferes with phytohormonal pathways in Arabidopsis midrib tissues in order to establish early defensive responses to phytoplasma infection.