Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review For Sustainable Nanotechnology Applications
Ranjithkumar Rajamani, Sinouvassane Djearamane
Abstract
An eco-friendly and biocompatible alternative to the conventional chemical and physical synthesis methods is the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesis of AgNP through plant, microbial, algal and enzyme is critically examined in this comprehensive overview. While nucleation and growth kinetics are governed by reaction parameters such as pH, temperature and extract concentration, information derived from spectroscopy, electron microscopy and computational modelling identifies phenolic, amino and protein functionalities to dominate reduction and stabilization. Green AgNPs have a wide range of functional variety in biomedical, environmental and catalytic applications. They have strong antibacterial, anticancer, photocatalytic and sensing properties. Although there are still challenges with reproducibility, mass production and long-term durability, comparative studies show advantages in energy efficiency, safety and environmental compatibility. Predictive control over particle qualities may be possible through the combination of experimental optimization with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). To ensure eco-friendly and industrially scalable applications, the emerging fields include hybrid synthesis techniques, life-cycle-oriented risk assessment and regulatory coordination. The integration of AI-based design and green chemistry is a ground-breaking approach to sustainable nanotechnology.