Consensus guidelines for the definition, detection and interpretation of immunogenic cell death
Lorenzo Galluzzi, Ilio Vitale, Sarah H. Warren, Sandy Adjemian, Patrizia Agostinis, Aitziber Buqué Martinez, Timothy A. Chan, George Coukos, Sandra Demaria, Éric Deutsch, Dobrin Draganov, Richard L. Edelson, Silvia C. Formenti, Jitka Fučíková, Lucia Gabriele, Udo S. Gaipl, Sofia R. Gameiro, Abhishek D. Garg, Encouse B. Golden, Jian Han, Kevin J. Harrington, Akseli Hemminki, James W. Hodge, Dewan Md Sakib Hossain, Tim Illidge, Michael Karin, Howard L. Kaufman, Oliver Kepp, Guido Kroemer, Juan José Lasarte, Sherene Loi, Michael T. Lotze, Gwenola Manic, Taha Merghoub, Alan Melcher, Karen Mossman, Felipe Prósper, Øystein Rekdal, María Rescigno, Chiara Riganti, Antonella Sistigu, Mark J. Smyth, Radek Špíšek, John Stagg, Bryan E. Strauss, Daolin Tang, Kazuki Tatsuno, Stefaan Van Gool, Peter Vandenabeele, Takahiro Yamazaki, Dmitriy Zamarin, Laurence Zitvogel, Alessandra Cesano, Francesco M. Marincola
Abstract
Cells succumbing to stress via regulated cell death (RCD) can initiate an adaptive immune response associated with immunological memory, provided they display sufficient antigenicity and adjuvanticity. Moreover, multiple intracellular and microenvironmental features determine the propensity of RCD to drive adaptive immunity. Here, we provide an updated operational definition of immunogenic cell death (ICD), discuss the key factors that dictate the ability of dying cells to drive an adaptive immune response, summarize experimental assays that are currently available for the assessment of ICD in vitro and in vivo, and formulate guidelines for their interpretation.