The Atlas of cardiovascular disease in Europe and a focus on frailty and cardiovascular risk
Filippo Crea
Abstract
by Adam Timmis and colleagues of the Atlas Writing Group. Data sources include the World Health Organization (WHO), the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, the World Bank, and novel ESC-sponsored data on human and capital infrastructure and cardiovascular healthcare delivery. New material in this report includes sociodemographic and environmental determinants of CVD, rheumatic heart disease, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, left-sided valvular heart disease, the advocacy potential of these CVD statistics, and progress towards WHO 2025 targets for non-communicable diseases. Salient observations in this report include the following. (i) Females born in ESC member countries in 2018 are expected to live 80.8 years and males 74.8 years. Life expectancy is longer in high-income (81.6 years) compared with middle-income (74.2 years) countries (Figure (ii) In 2018, high-income countries spent, on average, four times more on healthcare than middle-income countries. (iii) The median PM2.5 concentrations in 2019 were over twice as high in middle-income ESC member countries compared with high-income countries and exceeded the EU air quality standard in 14 countries, all middle-income. (iv) In 2016, more than one in five adults across the ESC member countries were obese, with similar prevalence in high-and low-income countries. The prevalence of obesity has more than doubled over the past 35 years. (v) The burden of CVD falls hardest on middle-income ESC member countries, where estimated incidence rates are 30% higher compared with highincome countries. This is reflected in disability-adjusted life years