A global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey
A. Y. Yang, Sergio A. Dzib, J. S. Urquhart, A. Brunthaler, S.-N. X. Medina, K. M. Menten, F. Wyrowski, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, W. D. Cotton, Y. Gong, R. Dokara, M. R. Rugel, H. Beuther, J. D. Pandian, T. Csengeri, V. S. Veena, Nirupam Roy, H. Nguyen, B. Winkel, J. Ott, Carlos Carrasco‐González, S. Khan, A. Cheema
Abstract
As part of the GLObal view of STAR formation in the Milky Way (GLOSTAR) survey, we present the high-resolution continuum source catalog for the regions ( ℓ = 2° −28°, 36° −40°, 56° −60°, and | b | < 1.0°), observed with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) in its B-configuration. The continuum images were optimized to detect compact sources on angular scales up to 4″, and have a typical noise level of 1 σ ~ 0.08 mJy beam −1 for an angular resolution of 1″, which makes GLOSTAR currently the highest resolution as well as the most sensitive radio survey of the northern Galactic plane at 4–8 GHz. We extracted 13354 sources above a threshold of 5 σ and 5437 sources above 7 σ that represent the high-reliability catalog. We determined the in-band spectral index ( α ) for the sources in the 7 σ -threshold catalog. The mean value is α = −0.6, which indicates that the catalog is dominated by sources emitting nonthermal radio emission. We identified the most common source types detected in radio surveys: 251 H II region candidates (113 new), 282 planetary nebulae (PNe) candidates (127 new), 784 radio star candidates (581 new), and 4080 extragalactic radio source candidates (2175 new). A significant fraction of H II regions and PNe candidates have α < −0.1 indicating that these candidates could contain radio jets, winds or outflows from high-mass and low-mass stellar objects. We identified 245 variable radio sources by comparing the flux densities of compact sources from the GLOSTAR survey and the Co-Ordinated Radio “N” Infrared Survey for High-mass star formation (CORNISH), and find that most of them are infrared quiet. The catalog is typically 95% complete for point sources at a flux density of 0.6 mJy (i.e., a typical 7 σ level) and the systematic positional uncertainty is ≲ 0″.1.