Influence of pH and Temperature on the Synthesis and Stability of Biologically Synthesized AgNPs
Oksana Velgosová, Lívia Mačák, Maksym Lisnichuk, П. Варга
Abstract
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using sustainable and non-toxic methods has become an important research focus due to the limitations of conventional chemical approaches, which often involve hazardous reagents and produce unstable products. In particular, the effects of reaction conditions on the quality and stability of AgNPs obtained via green synthesis remain insufficiently understood. This study addresses this gap by examining the influence of pH and temperature on the synthesis of AgNPs using Rosmarinus officinalis extract as both reducing and stabilizing agents. UV-vis spectroscopy and TEM analysis revealed that optimal conditions for producing uniform, stable, and spherical AgNPs were achieved at pH 8, with a narrow size distribution (~17.5 nm). At extreme pH values (≤3 or ≥13), nanoparticle formation was hindered by aggregation or precipitation, while elevated temperatures mainly accelerated reaction without altering particle morphology. HRTEM and SAED confirmed the crystalline face-centered cubic structure, and colloids synthesized at pH 8 showed excellent stability over 30 days. Overall, the results demonstrate that precise pH control is critical for obtaining high-quality AgNPs via a simple, scalable, and environmentally friendly approach. Their stability and homogeneous size highlight potential applications in biomedicine, food packaging, and sensing, where reproducibility and long-term functionality are essential.