Explicit Consideration of Temperature Improves Predictions of Toxicokinetic–Toxicodynamic Models for Flupyradifurone and Imidacloprid in <i>Gammarus pulex</i>
Annika Mangold‐Döring, Anna Huang, Egbert H. van Nes, Andreas Focks, Paul J. Van den Brink
Abstract
exposed to the insecticides imidacloprid and flupyradifurone. The experiments revealed increased TK rates with increasing temperature and increased toxicity under chronic exposures. Using the widely used Arrhenius equation, we could include the temperature influence into the modeling. By further testing of different model approaches, differences in the temperature scaling of TK and TD model parameters could be identified, urging further investigations of the underlying mechanisms. Finally, our results show that predictions of TK-TD models improve if we include the toxicity modulating effect of temperature explicitly.
Topics & Concepts
ToxicodynamicsImidaclopridToxicokineticsGammarus pulexChemistryArrhenius equationEnvironmental scienceBiological systemToxicologyBiochemical engineeringThermodynamicsToxicityPhysicsBiologyEcologyAmphipodaPesticideActivation energyEngineeringCrustaceanOrganic chemistryInsect and Pesticide ResearchInsect Pest Control StrategiesEnvironmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology