Removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water using magnetic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-modified pine bark
Ruichi Zhang, Zhongfei Ren, Ulrich Bergmann, Jean Noël Uwayezu, Ivan Carabante, Jūratė Kumpienė, Tore Lejon, Ilil Levakov, Giora Rytwo, Tiina Leiviskä
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have gained global attention in recent years due to their adverse effect on environment and human health. In this study, a novel and cost-effective sorbent was developed utilizing forestry by-product pine bark and tested for the removal of PFAS compounds from both synthetic solutions and contaminated groundwater. The synthesis of the adsorbent included two steps: 1) loading of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) onto the pine bark and followed by 2) a simple coating of magnetite nanoparticles. The developed sorbent (MC-PB) exhibited 100% perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) removal from synthetic solution (10 µg/L PFOA and PFOS) and enabled quick magnetic separation. A rapid removal of PFOA (> 80%) by MC-PB was observed within 10 min from synthetic PFOA solution and the adsorption equilibrium was reached within 4 h, achieving > 90% removal of PFOA (dosage 2 g/L, PFOA 10 mg/L, initial pH 4.2). The PFOA adsorption kinetics fitted well to an optimized pseudo-order model (R2=0.929). Intra-particle diffusion and Boyd models suggested that the adsorption process was not governed by pore diffusion. The maximum PFOA adsorption capacity was found to be 69 mg/g and the adsorption isotherm was best described by the Dual Mode Model (R2=0.950). The MC-PB demonstrated > 90% PFOA and PFOS removal from contaminated groundwater. Furthermore, both short- and long-chain perfluorosulfonic acids and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate were efficiently removed resulting in 83.9% removal towards total PFAS (2 g/L dosage).