Tunnel‐Type Na<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>6</sub>O<sub>13</sub>@Carbon Nanowires as Anode Materials for Low‐Temperature Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Qing‐Song Lai, Jianjia Mu, Zhao-Meng Liu, Lu‐Kang Zhao, Xuan‐Wen Gao, Dongrun Yang, Hong Chen, Wen Luo
Abstract
Abstract Economical efficient anode materials play an important role in low‐temperature sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Tunnel‐type structured Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 @C nanowires were synthesized and utilized as anode material for low‐temperature SIBs. The appropriate interlayer spacing for sodium ion insertion and short diffusion pathway can accelerate the sodium ion kinetics and decrease the apparent activation energy at low temperature. The diffusion apparent activation energy and activation energy for Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 @C were calculated to be 42.0 kJ mol −1 and 15.3 kJ mol −1 with the sodium ion diffusion coefficients about 10 −12 cm 2 s −1 . The Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 @C nanowires exhibit a high reversible capacity of 100 mAh g −1 at 0 °C with 99.6 % retention after 200 cycles at 0.5 C. Coupling with the sodium vanadium phosphate as cathode, the assembled Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 @C||NVP full‐cell can keep a 65 % capacity retention after 175 cycles at 0 °C. This work presents that Na 2 Ti 6 O 13 @C nanowires can be an ideal type of anode active materials for low‐temperature SIBs.