Collagen-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a sustainable catalyst for spirooxindole synthesis
Shima Ghanbari Azarnier, Maryam Esmkhani, Zahra Dolatkhah, Shahrzad Javanshir
Abstract
Abstract In this work, a novel magnetic organic–inorganic hybrid catalyst was fabricated by encapsulating magnetite@silica (Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 ) nanoparticles with Isinglass protein collagen (IGPC) using epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a crosslinking agent. Characterization studies of the prepared particles were accomplished by various analytical techniques specifically, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) analysis. The XRD results showed a crystalline and amorphous phase which contribute to magnetite and isinglass respectively. Moreover, the formation of the core/shell structure had been confirmed by TEM images. The synthesized Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 /ECH/IG was applied as a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives through the multicomponent reaction of isatin, malononitrile, and C-H acids which demonstrated its excellent catalytic properties. The advantages of this green approach were low catalyst loading, short reaction time, stability, and recyclability for at least four runs.