Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An Emerging Source for Regenerative Medicine Applications
Mahmood S. Choudhery, Taqdees Arif, Ruhma Mahmood, Asad Mushtaq, Niaz Ahmad, Zaeema Hassan, Hamda Zahid, Pakeeza Nayab, Iqra Arshad, Mehak Arif, Mashaim Majid, David T. Harris
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is gaining interest in the medical field due to the limitations of conventional treatments, which often fail to address the underlying cause of disease. In recent years, stem cell-based therapies have evolved as a promising alternative approach to treat those diseases that cannot be cured using conventional medicine. Adult stem cells, particularly the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have attracted a lot of attention due to their ability to regenerate and repair human tissues and organs. MSCs isolated from adult tissues are well characterized and are currently the most common type of cells for use in regenerative medicine. However, their low number in adult donor tissues, donor-age and cell-source related heterogeneity, limited proliferative and differentiation potential, and early senescence in in vitro cultures, negatively affect MSC regenerative potential. These factors restrict MSC use for research as well as for clinical applications. To overcome these problems, MSCs with superior regenerative potential are required. Induced MSCs (iMSCs) are obtained from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These cells are patient-specific, readily available, and have relatively superior regenerative potential and, therefore, can overcome the problems associated with the use of primary MSCs. In this review, the authors aim to discuss the characteristics, regenerative potential, and limitations of MSCs for regenerative medicine applications. The main methods to generate iMSCs from iPSCs have been discussed in detail. In addition, the proposed criteria for their molecular characterization, applications of iMSCs for disease modeling and drug discovery, as well as potential use in regenerative medicine have been explored in detail.