Polymorphism and structure formation in copper phthalocyanine thin films
Berthold Reisz, Valentina Belova, Giuliano Duva, Clemens Zeiser, Martin Hodas, Jakub Hagara, Peter Šiffalovič, Linus Pithan, Takuya Hosokai, Alexander Hinderhofer, Alexander Gerlach, Frank Schreiber
Abstract
Many polymorphic crystal structures of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) have been reported over the past few decades, but despite its manifold applicability, the structure of the frequently mentioned α polymorph remained unclear. The base-centered unit cell (space group C 2/ c ) suggested in 1966 was ruled out in 2003 and was replaced by a primitive triclinic unit cell (space group P 1 ). This study proves unequivocally that both α structures coexist in vacuum-deposited CuPc thin films on native silicon oxide by reciprocal space mapping using synchrotron radiation in grazing incidence. The unit-cell parameters and the space group were determined by kinematic scattering theory and provide possible molecular arrangements within the unit cell of the C 2/ c structure by excluded-volume considerations. In situ X-ray diffraction experiments and ex situ atomic force microscopy complement the experimental data further and provide insight into the formation of a smooth thin film by a temperature-driven downward diffusion of CuPc molecules during growth.