Toward the Scalable, Rapid, Reproducible, and Cost-Effective Synthesis of Personalized Nanomedicines at the Point of Care
Hamilton Young, Yuxin He, Bryan S. Joo, Sam Ferguson, Amberlynn Demko, Sarah Butterfield, James Lowe, Nathan F. Mjema, Vinit Sheth, Luke Whitehead, Maria J. Ruiz‐Echevarría, Stefan Wilhelm
Abstract
Organic nanoparticles are used in nanomedicine, including for cancer treatment and some types of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we demonstrate the scalable, rapid, reproducible, and cost-effective synthesis of three model organic nanoparticle formulations relevant to nanomedicine applications. We employed a custom-made, low-cost fluid mixer device constructed from a commercially available three-dimensional printer. We investigated how systematically changing aqueous and organic volumetric flow rate ratios determined liposome, polymer nanoparticle, and solid lipid nanoparticle sizes, size distributions, and payload encapsulation efficiencies. By manipulating inlet volumes, we synthesized organic nanoparticles with encapsulation efficiencies approaching 100% for RNA-based payloads. The synthesized organic nanoparticles were safe and effective at the cell culture level, as demonstrated by various assays. Such cost-effective synthesis approaches could potentially increase the accessibility to clinically relevant organic nanoparticle formulations for personalized nanomedicine applications at the point of care, especially in nonhospital and low-resource settings.