Nano‐enabled strategies for plant stress management and sustainable crop production: A review
Niraj Singh, Yong‐Hong Liu, Dipayan Das, Nowsheen Shameem, Javid A. Parray, Wen Jun Li, Apurva Sharma, Snigdha Singh, Pankaj Kumar, Rozidaini Mohd Ghazi
Abstract
Abstract Agriculture plays a vital role in global food security and economic stability. However, climate change and environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity threaten crop health. Abiotic stress causes 20%–50% of global yield losses annually by disrupting essential physiological processes, such as photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and water absorption, ultimately hindering plant growth and leading to crop failure. Innovative strategies to enhance plant resilience and promote sustainable agriculture are essential. Nanotechnology offers promising solutions to mitigate abiotic stress and boost crop yields. Nanoparticles possess unique physicochemical properties, including high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratios and the ability to penetrate biological membranes, which enables targeted nutrient delivery, enhanced stress tolerance, and improved photosynthesis. Nano‐based agricultural products, including nano‐fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, outperform conventional agrochemicals by offering greater efficiency with fewer environmental risks. Controlled‐release nano‐fertilizers ensure sustained nutrient availability, reducing leaching and pollution. For instance, nano‐hydroxyapatite fertilizers prevent phosphorus fixation, while silica‐based nano‐fertilizers enhance nitrogen use efficiency and plant health. Advanced nano‐delivery systems, such as nano‐capsules and solid lipid NPs, enable precise pesticide release, minimizing waste and contamination. Carbon‐based nano‐fertilizers improve nutrient retention and reduce runoff. At the same time, silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) enhance drought tolerance, photosynthetic efficiency, and enzymatic activity, strengthening crop resilience. Despite its potential, further research is necessary to evaluate the long‐term environmental impact, toxicity, regulatory challenges, and cost‐effectiveness of nanotechnology. This review highlights the role of nanomaterials in mitigating abiotic stress, enhancing plant health, and ensuring sustainable food production in a changing climate.