Psychological Distress and the Risk of Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
Mariana García, Kasra Moazzami, Zakaria Almuwaqqat, An Young, Alexis K. Okoh, Amit Shah, Samaah Sullivan, Tené T. Lewis, Lisa Elon, Yi‐An Ko, Yingtian Hu, Obada Daaboul, George Haddad, Brad D. Pearce, J. Douglas Bremner, Yan V. Sun, Alexander C. Razavi, Paolo Raggi, Arshed A. Quyyumi, Viola Vaccarino
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Psychological distress is a recognized risk factor in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), but its clinical significance is unclear. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine if an index of psychological distress is independently associated with adverse outcomes and significantly contributes to risk prediction. METHODS: Pooled analysis of 2 prospective cohort studies of patients with stable CHD (N = 891). A psychological distress score was constructed using measures of depression, anxiety, anger, perceived stress, and post-traumatic stress disorder, measured at baseline. The study endpoint included cardiovascular death or first or recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction or hospitalization for heart failure at 5.9 years. RESULTS: In both cohorts, first and recurrent events occurred more often among those in the highest tertile of distress score than those in the lowest tertile. After combining the 2 cohorts, compared with the lowest tertile, the hazards ratio for having a distress score in the highest tertile was 2.27 (95% CI: 1.69-3.06), and for the middle tertile, it was 1.52 (95% CI: 1.10-2.08). Adjustment for demographics and clinical risk factors only slightly weakened the associations. When the distress score was added to a traditional clinical risk model, C-statistic, net reclassification index, and integrative discrimination index all significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with CHD, a composite measure of psychological distress was significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse events and significantly improved risk prediction.