Comprehensive Review of Endometrial Cancer: New Molecular and FIGO Classification and Recent Treatment Changes
Maria-Bianca Anca-Stanciu, Andrei Manu, Maria Olincă, C.B. Coroleucă, Diana-Elena Comandașu, Ciprian Andrei Coroleucă, Călina Maier, Elvira Brătilă
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries, with rising incidence due to aging populations and obesity-related factors. This review explores the evolving molecular and FIGO classifications of EC, highlighting their significance in diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment strategies. Molecular subtyping based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) classification offers a more precise understanding of EC, dividing it into POLE ultramutated, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), copy-number low (CNL), and copy-number high (CNH) subtypes. Each subgroup has distinct genetic, histological, and prognostic characteristics. Recent updates to the FIGO staging system incorporate molecular features, allowing for more tailored treatment approaches. Advances in immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and novel therapeutic combinations have reshaped clinical management. This review emphasizes the integration of molecular diagnostics into routine practice, outlining challenges and future perspectives in managing EC for improved patient outcomes.