Atrazine Inhalation Causes Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis and Accelerating Brain Aging
Tiziana Genovese, Rosalba Siracusa, Roberta Fusco, Ramona D’Amico, Daniela Impellizzeri, Alessio Filippo Peritore, Rosalia Crupi, Enrico Gugliandolo, Rossana Morabito, Salvatore Cuzzocrea, Angela Trovato Salinaro, Marika Cordaro, Rosanna Di Paola
Abstract
BACKGROUND: '-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, and it is the most commonly used broad-spectrum herbicide in agricultural crops. Several studies have demonstrated that ATR has the potential to be harmful to the brain's neuronal circuits. Until today nobody has explored the effect of ATR inhalation on young and aged mice. METHODS: young and aged mice were subject to 25 mg of ATR in a vehicle made with saline and 10% of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) every day for 28 days. At the end of experiment different behavioral test were made and brain was collected. RESULTS: exposure to ATR induced the same response in terms of behavioral alterations and motor and memory impairment in mice but in aged group was more marked. Additionally, in both young and aged mice ATR inhalations induced oxidative stress with impairment in physiological antioxidant response, lipid peroxidation, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (nf-κb) pathways activation with consequences of pro-inflammatory cytokines release and apoptosis. However, the older group was shown to be more sensitive to ATR inhalation. CONCLUSIONS: our results showed that aged mice were more susceptible compared to young mice to air pollutants exposure, put in place a minor physiologically response was seen when exposed to it.