Bioassay-based Corchorus capsularis L. leaf-derived β-sitosterol exerts antileishmanial effects against Leishmania donovani by targeting trypanothione reductase
Pijush Kanti Pramanik, Sajal Chakraborti, Angshuman Bagchi, Tapati Chakraborti
Abstract
Abstract Leishmaniasis, a major neglected tropical disease, affects millions of individuals worldwide. Among the various clinical forms, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the deadliest. Current antileishmanial drugs exhibit toxicity- and resistance-related issues. Therefore, advanced chemotherapeutic alternatives are in demand, and currently, plant sources are considered preferable choices. Our previous report has shown that the chloroform extract of Corchorus capsularis L. leaves exhibits a significant effect against Leishmania donovani promastigotes. In the current study, bioassay-guided fractionation results for Corchorus capsularis L. leaf-derived β-sitosterol (β-sitosterol CCL ) were observed by spectroscopic analysis (FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and GC–MS). The inhibitory efficacy of this β-sitosterol CCL against L. donovani promastigotes was measured (IC 50 = 17.7 ± 0.43 µg/ml). β-Sitosterol CCL significantly disrupts the redox balance via intracellular ROS production, which triggers various apoptotic events, such as structural alteration, increased storage of lipid bodies, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, externalization of phosphatidylserine and non-protein thiol depletion, in promastigotes. Additionally, the antileishmanial activity of β-sitosterol CCL was validated by enzyme inhibition and an in silico study in which β-sitosterol CCL was found to inhibit Leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase ( Ld TryR). Overall, β-sitosterol CCL appears to be a novel inhibitor of Ld TryR and might represent a successful approach for treatment of VL in the future.