Korean Society of Heart Failure Guidelines for the Management of Heart Failure: Management of the Underlying Etiologies and Comorbidities of Heart Failure
Sang Min Park, Soo Youn Lee, Mi‐Hyang Jung, Jong‐Chan Youn, Darae Kim, Jae Yeong Cho, Dong‐Hyuk Cho, Junho Hyun, Hyun‐Jai Cho, Seong‐Mi Park, Jin‐Oh Choi, Wook‐Jin Chung, Seok‐Min Kang, Byung‐Su Yoo
Abstract
Most patients with heart failure (HF) have multiple comorbidities, which impact their quality of life, aggravate HF, and increase mortality.Cardiovascular comorbidities include systemic and pulmonary hypertension, ischemic and valvular heart diseases, and atrial fibrillation.Non-cardiovascular comorbidities include diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney and pulmonary diseases, iron deficiency and anemia, and sleep apnea.In patients with HF with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors combined with calcium channel blockers and/or diuretics is an effective treatment regimen.Measurement of pulmonary vascular resistance via right heart catheterization is recommended for patients with HF considered suitable for implantation of mechanical circulatory support devices or as heart transplantation candidates.Coronary angiography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and reperfusion in patients with HF and angina pectoris refractory to antianginal medications.In patients with HF and atrial fibrillation, long-term anticoagulants are recommended