Dream‐enactment behaviours during the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 pandemic: an international <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 sleep study
Yaping Liu, Eemil Partinen, Ngan Yin Chan, Yves Dauvilliers, Yuichi Inoue, Luigi De Gennaro, Giuseppe Plazzi, Courtney J. Bolstad, Michael R. Nadorff, Ilona Merikanto, Bjørn Bjorvatn, Fang Han, Bin Zhang, Ana Suely Cunha, Sérgio Mota‐Rolim, Damien Léger, Kentaro Matsui, Colin A. Espie, Frances Chung, Charles M. Morin, Mariusz Siemiński, Thomas Penzel, Brigitte Holzinger, Markku Partinen, Yun Kwok Wing
Abstract
There has been increasing concern about the long-term impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as evidenced by anecdotal case reports of acute-onset parkinsonism and the polysomnographic feature of increased rapid eye movement sleep electromyographic activity. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of dream-enactment behaviours, a hallmark of rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, which is a prodrome of α-synucleinopathy. This online survey was conducted between May and August 2020 in 15 countries/regions targeting adult participants (aged ≥18 years) from the general population with a harmonised structured questionnaire on sleep patterns and disorders, COVID-19 diagnosis and symptoms. We assessed dream-enactment behaviours using the Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behaviour Disorder Single-Question Screen with an additional question on their frequency. Among 26,539 respondents, 21,870 (82.2%) answered all items that were analysed in this study (mean [SD] age 41.6 [15.8] years; female sex 65.5%). The weighted prevalence of lifetime and weekly dream-enactment behaviours was 19.4% and 3.1% and were found to be 1.8- and 2.9-times higher in COVID-19-positive cases, respectively. Both lifetime and weekly dream-enactment behaviours were associated with young age, male sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, higher physical activity level, nightmares, COVID-19 diagnosis, olfactory impairment, obstructive sleep apnea symptoms, mood, and post-traumatic stress disorder features. Among COVID-19-positive cases, weekly dream-enactment behaviours were positively associated with the severity of COVID-19. Dream-enactment behaviours are common among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic and further increase among patients with COVID-19. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential neurodegenerative effect of COVID-19.