Tracking Local pH Dynamics during Water Electrolysis via In-Line Continuous Flow Raman Spectroscopy
Raúl A. Márquez, Jay T. Bender, Shashwati C. da Cunha, Ashton M. Aleman, Amaresh Sahu, Venkat Ganesan, Delia J. Milliron, Joaquin Resasco, Thomas F. Jaramillo, C. Buddie Mullins
Abstract
The performance of electrochemical devices, which play a critical role in decarbonization efforts, is often governed by proton-coupled electron transfer reactions at the electrode–electrolyte interface. These reactions are highly sensitive to the complex and dynamic microenvironment present at the electrode surface. However, characterizing this environment─particularly monitoring interfacial pH and its evolution under reaction conditions─remains challenging, necessitating the development of advanced analytical tools. Here, we introduce in-line continuous flow Raman spectroscopy (CFRS) as a spectroelectrochemical platform for quantifying interfacial pH swings generated during water-splitting. By monitoring phosphate ion speciation and controlling the hydrodynamics with a flow cell, we measure pH swings as a function of current density, flow rate, and distance from the electrode. Comparison with theoretical models reveals the impact of bulk pH, boundary layer thickness, and bubble dynamics at high current densities. Collectively, these findings establish CFRS as a platform for quantitatively investigating pH dynamics, offering critical insights for advancing electrochemical energy conversion technologies.