Numerical Simulations of the Apollo S‐IVB Artificial Impacts on the Moon
A. Rajšić, Katarina Miljković, Natalia Wójcicka, G. S. Collins, Keisuke Onodera, Taïchi Kawamura, Philippe Lognonné, M. A. Wieczorek, I. J. Daubar
Abstract
Abstract The third stage of the Saturn IV rocket used in the five Apollo missions made craters on the Moon ∼30 m in diameter. Their initial impact conditions were known, so they can be considered controlled impacts. Here, we used the iSALE‐2D shock physics code to numerically simulate the formation of these craters, and to calculate the vertical component of seismic moment (∼4 × 10 10 Nm) and seismic efficiency (∼10 −6 ) associated with these impacts. The irregular booster shape likely caused the irregular crater morphology observed. To investigate this, we modeled six projectile geometries, with footprint area between 3 and 105 m 2 , keeping the mass and velocity of the impactor constant. We showed that the crater depth and diameter decreased as the footprint area increased. The central mound observed in lunar impact sites could be a result of layering of the target and/or low density of the projectile. Understanding seismic signatures from impact events is important for planetary seismology. Calculating seismic parameters and validating them against controlled experiments in a planetary setting will help us understand the seismic data received, not only from the Moon, but also from the InSight Mission on Mars and future seismic missions.