Prevalence of ESKAPE Bacteria in Surface Water and Wastewater Sources: Multidrug Resistance and Molecular Characterization, an Updated Review
Alejandra Aguilar-Salazar, Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez, Ma. Guadalupe Aguilera‐Arreola, Erick de Jesús de Luna-Santillana, María Antonia Cruz-Hernández, César Marcial Escobedo-Bonilla, Edgar E. Lara‐Ramírez, Mario Sánchez-Sánchez, Abraham Guerrero, Gildardo Rivera, Virgilio Bocanegra‐García
Abstract
ESKAPE bacteria represent a group of opportunistic bacterial pathogens that display widespread antimicrobial resistance, including resistance to the last-line antibiotics, thereby posing a significant clinical implication globally. Anthropogenic activities, such as wastewater from hospitals, livestock farms, crop fields, and wastewater treatment plants, contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacterial pathogens into the environment. Surface water sources, including river waters, act as critical points of discharge for wastewater, pollutants, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARG). These environmental factors, along with others, facilitate the dissemination and survival of ARBs, as well as promote the exchange of ARGs. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the current environmental landscape concerning the prevalence and persistence of resistant bacteria, particularly those belonging to the ESKAPE group. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current dissemination and characterization of ESKAPE bacteria in surface water and wastewater sources.