Redox-Activated Contrast-Enhanced <i>T</i><sub>1</sub>-Weighted Imaging Visualizes Glutathione-Mediated Biotransformation Dynamics in the Liver
Kun Liu, Bilun Kang, Xiangjie Luo, Zhaoxuan Yang, Chengjie Sun, Ao Li, Yifan Fan, Xiaoyuan Chen, Jinhao Gao, Hongyu Lin
Abstract
GSH-mediated liver biotransformation is a crucial physiological process demanding efficient research tools. Here, we report a type of amorphous FexMnyO nanoparticles (AFMO-ZDS NPs) as redox-activated probes for in vivo visualization of the dynamics of GSH-mediated biotransformation in liver with T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This imaging technique reveals the periodic variations in GSH concentration during the degradation of AFMO-ZDS NPs due to the limited transportation capacity of GSH carriers in the course of GSH efflux from hepatocytes to perisinusoidal space, providing direct imaging evidence for this important carrier-mediated process during GSH-mediated biotransformation. Therefore, this technique offers an effective method for in-depth investigations of GSH-related biological processes in liver under various conditions as well as a feasible means for the real-time assessment of liver functions, which is highly desirable for early diagnosis of liver diseases and prompt a toxicity evaluation of pharmaceuticals.