Facet-Dependent Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/BiVO<sub>4</sub>(110)/BiVO<sub>4</sub>(010)/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Dual S-Scheme Photocatalyst as an Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Peroxymonosulfate Activator for Norfloxacin Degradation
Yang Yang, Kexin Gong, Qiuhui Shi, Xinyu Wu, Kejian Li, Xinyuan Tong, Jiarong Li, Lichao Zhang, Xin Wang, Bao Li, Bao Xianming, Sugang Meng
Abstract
A lack of eco-friendly, highly active photocatalyst for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and unclear environmental risks are significant challenges. Herein, we developed a double S-scheme Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 (110)/BiVO 4 (010)/Fe 2 O 3 photocatalyst to activate PMS and investigated its impact on wheat seed germination. We observed an improvement in charge separation by depositing Fe 2 O 3 on the (010) and (110) surfaces of BiVO 4 . This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a dual S-scheme charge transfer mechanism at the interfaces of Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 (110) and BiVO 4 (010)/Fe 2 O 3 . By introducing PMS into the system, photogenerated electrons effectively activate PMS, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and sulfate radicals (SO 4 ·– ). Among the tested systems, the 20% Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 /Vis/PMS system exhibits the highest catalytic efficiency for norfloxacin (NOR) removal, reaching 95% in 40 min. This is twice the catalytic efficiency of the Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 /PMS system, 1.8 times that of the Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 system, and 5 times that of the BiVO 4 system. Seed germination experiments revealed that Fe 2 O 3 /BiVO 4 heterojunction was beneficial for wheat seed germination, while PMS had a significant negative effect. This study provides valuable insights into the development of efficient and sustainable photocatalytic systems for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.