Unlocking Long-Term Stability of Upconversion Nanoparticles with Biocompatible Phosphonate-Based Polymer Coatings
Karan Malhotra, Richard Fuku, Balmiki Kumar, David A. Hrovat, Justin Van Houten, Paul A. E. Piunno, Patrick T. Gunning, Ulrich J. Krull
Abstract
Achieving long-term (>3 months) colloidal stability of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in biologically relevant buffers has been a major challenge, which has severely limited practical implementation of UCNPs in bioimaging and nanomedicine applications. To address this challenge, nine unique copolymers formulations were prepared and evaluated as UCNP overcoatings. These polymers consisted of a poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PIMA) backbone functionalized with different ratios and types of phosphonate anchoring groups and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) moieties. The syntheses were done as simple, one-pot nucleophilic addition reactions. These copolymers were subsequently coated onto NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ UCNPs, and colloidal stability was evaluated in 1 × PBS, 10 × PBS, and other buffers. UCNP colloidal stability improved (up to 4 months) when coated with copolymers containing greater proportions of anchoring groups and higher phosphonate valences. Furthermore, small molecules could be conjugated to these overcoated UCNPs by use of copper-free click chemistry, as was done to demonstrate suitability for sensor and bioprobe development.