Obtaining of Astaxanthin from Crab Exosqueletons and Shrimp Head Shells
Jorge Montiel-Montoya, Salvador Velazco Mata, José Antonio Lorente Acosta, Braulio Herrera Cabrera, Luis Germán López-Valdez, César Reyes, Hebert Jair, Hebert Jair Barrales-Cureño, V Santos, N Marques, P Maia, M Barbosa, L Oliveira, G De Campos-Takaki, M Yadav, P Goswami, K Paritosh, M Kumar, N Pareek, V Vivekanand, C Doan, T Tran, V Nguyen, T Vo, A Nguyen, S Wang, T Maoka, K Komolka, R Bochert, G Franz, Y Kaya, R Pfuhl, B Grunow, C Pereira, S Remondi, V Rodrigues, P Prado, J Name, V Bampidis, A Azimonti, M Bastos, H Christensen, B Dusemund, M Kouba, M Durjava, M Lpez-Alonso, P Lpez, F Marcon, B Mayo, A Pechov, M Petkova, F Ramos, Y Sanz, R Villa, R Woutersen, G Bories, P Brantom, D Renshaw, J Schlatter, R Ackerl, O Holczknecht, H Steinkellner, M Vettori, J Gropp, T Nguyen, K Heimann, W Zhang, S Ahmadkelayeh, K Hawboldt, W Routray, D Dave, S Cheema, V Ramakrishnan, J Pohling, J Hu, W Lu, M Lu, Y Wang, R Ding, L Wang, T Zuharlida, L Andrade, D Charalampopoulos, A Chatzifragkou, X Du, X Wang, M Bai, S Liu, G Huang, Q Zhang, H Ni, Chen, B Panintingjati, L Limantara, E Setiyono, J Hu, W Lu, Y Wang, R Ding, L Wang
Abstract
Fresh wastes of Mexican headshell shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), blue crab (Callinectes bellicosus), and Mexican brown crab (Callinectes sapidus) exoskeletons were autoclaved, dried, and grounded at a particle size of 150 µm. Macerated samples were diluted to ethyl acetate, acetone, cyclohexane, isopropyl alcohol, hexane, heptane, and a combination of hexane-acetone-ethanol-toluene solvents. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis determined the astaxanthin amount in every organic solvent extract. Acetone was the most efficient solvent: 114 µg/g (L. vannamei), 39 µg/g (C. bellicosus), and 44 µg/g (C. sapidus); the mixture of hexane-acetone-ethanol-toluene resulted a idoneus solvent when was used on crab exoskeletons: 39 µg/g (C. bellicosus) and 51 µg/g (C. sapidus). The astaxanthin characterization was performed without saponification, in L. vannamei chromatograms, the amount of trans astaxanthin was 6.23 µg/g (5.47 % of total area), in C. bellicosus was 26.13 µg/g (67 % of total area) and in C. sapidus was 28.42 µg/g (64.6 % of total area).