Advancements in Cancer Research: 3D Models, Single‐Cell, and Live‐Cell Techniques for Better Insights
Federica Carnevali, Stefania Forciniti, Valentina Onesto, Anna Chiara Siciliano, Helena Iuele, Giuliana Grasso, Anderson Fraga da Cruz, Ilaria Serra, Norma Depalma, Stefano D’Ugo, Prisco Piscitelli, Marcello Spampinato, Giuseppe Gigli, Carolina Camargo de Oliveira, Loretta L. del Mercato
Abstract
Abstract The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of in vitro cancer studies, focusing on recent advancements and ongoing in cell culture models and analyses techniques. Cancer cells grow in a complex and dynamic environment, interacting with various cellular components, such as stromal cells, cancer‐associated fibroblasts, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM provides structural support and unique characteristics essential for tumorigenesis. Accurately modeling this intricate tumor microenvironment and precisely analyzing cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions are crucial for understanding cancer progression and therapeutic responses. Consequently, oncology research is advancing toward a) three‐dimensional tumor models, b) single‐cell level analyses, and c) live‐cell analyses. This review aims to elucidate current knowledge in this field, emphasizing the benefits these innovative approaches offer over traditional two‐dimensional models, bulk analyses, and endpoint measurements.