Effects of N management optimization practices on rice productivity and N loss: a meta-analysis
Yan Liu, Zhaopeng Fu, Weikang Wang, Jiayi Zhang, Qiang Cao, Yongchao Tian, Yan Zhu, Weixing Cao, Xiaojun Liu
Abstract
Introduction Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilizer management is key to reducing active N losses in farmland. While current research has proposed various methods to minimize N losses, it often overlooks the need for integrated strategies that address both N losses and crop productivity. By clarifying the impact of different N fertilizer optimization practices on crop productivity and N loss, rational N fertilizer management strategies can be adopted to achieve stable crop yields and reduction in N application rates. Methods Our study collected 476 peer-reviewed papers and used meta-analysis to analyze the impact of different N optimization management practices (combined application of organic-inorganic fertilizer, deep fertilization, and enhanced-efficiency fertilizer) on yield, N use efficiency, and N loss (N 2 O emissions, NH 3 volatilization, N runoff, and N leaching). Results Optimized N management led to a 5%-10% increase in yield, a 17%-21% improvement in N use efficiency, and reductions in N 2 O (10%-37%), NH 3 (7%-40%), N runoff (9%-20%), and N leaching (7%-10%) compared to standard farmer management practices. Conclusion Twice fertilization, the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, and the appropriate application of enhanced-efficiency fertilizer could improve rice yield, decrease N losses and ensure food security and improve the sustainable agricultural development.