The effect of muscle warm-up on voluntary and evoked force-time parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression

Abstract

• Increasing muscle temperature, through active or passive means, moderately improves dynamic, fast-velocity force production and rate of force development but not maximal force capacity in both voluntary and electrically evoked contractions. • Factors such as temperature measurement method, warm-up specificity, sex, and training status do not seem to significantly impact the temperature increase-related performance enhancement, although current data are limited. • Active warm-up does not always lead to significantly greater performance increases than passive heating strategies, and the magnitude of enhancement may depend on the specifics of the active warm-up. While muscle contractility increases with muscle temperature, there is no consensus on the best warm-up protocol to use before resistance training or sports exercise due to the range of possible warm-up and testing combinations available. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to determine the effects of different warm-up types (active, exercise-based vs. passive) on muscle function tested using different activation methods (voluntary vs. evoked) and performance test criteria (maximum force vs. rate-dependent contractile properties), with consideration of warm-up task specificity (specific vs. non-specific), temperature measurement method (muscle vs. skin), baseline temperatures, and subject-specific variables (training status and sex). A systematic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, and ProQuest. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were used to compute the effect sizes (ES) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 %CIs) to examine the effects of warm-up type, activation method, performance criterion, subject characteristics, and study design on temperature-related performance enhancement. The search yielded 1272 articles, of which 33 met the inclusion criteria ( n = 921). Increasing temperature positively affected both voluntary (3.7 %/°C ± 1.8 %/°C (mean ± SD), ES = 0.28 (95 %CI: 0.14 to 0.41)) and evoked (3.2 %/°C ± 1.5 %/°C (mean ± SD), ES = 0.65 (95 %CI: 0.29 to 1.00)) rate-dependent contractile properties (dynamic, fast-velocity force production, and rate of force development (RFD)) but not maximum force production (voluntary: –0.2 %/°C ± 0.9 %/°C (mean ± SD), ES = 0.08 (95 %CI: –0.05 to 0.22); evoked: –0.1 %/°C ± 0.8 %/°C (mean ± SD), ES = –0.20 (95 %CI: –0.50 to 0.10)). Active warm-up did not induce greater enhancements in rate-dependent contractile properties ( p = 0.284), maximum force production ( p = 0.723), or overall function (pooled, p = 0.093) than passive warm-up. Meta-regressions did not reveal a significant effect of study design, temperature measurement method, warm-up task specificity, training status, or sex on the effect of increasing temperature ( p > 0.05). Increasing muscle temperature significantly enhances rate-dependent contractile function (RFD and muscle power) but not maximum force in both evoked and voluntary contractions. In contrast to expectation, no effects of warm-up modality (active vs. passive) or temperature measurement method (muscle vs. skin) were detected, although insufficient data prevented robust sub-group analyses.

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