Salt-Induced Doping and Templating of Laser-Induced Graphene Supercapacitors
Gillian F. Hawes, Priyanka Verma, Marianna Uceda, Gholamreza Karimi, Bruno S. Noremberg, Michael A. Pope
Abstract
The use of inexpensive and widely available CO 2 lasers to selectively irradiate polymer films and form a graphene foam, termed laser-induced graphene (LIG), has incited significant research attention. The simple and rapid nature of the approach and the high conductivity and porosity of LIG have motivated its widespread application in electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. However, nearly all high-performance LIG-based supercapacitors reported to date are prepared from costly, petroleum-based polyimide (Kapton, PI). Herein, we demonstrate that incorporating microparticles of inexpensive, non-toxic, and widely abundant sodium salts such as NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 into poly(furfuryl alcohol) (PFA) resins enables the formation of high-performance LIG. The embedded particles aid in carbonization and act as a template for pore formation. While increasing both the carbon yield and surface area of the electrodes, the salt also dopes the LIG formed with S or Cl. The combination of these effects results in a two- to four-order-of-magnitude increase in device areal capacitance, from 8 μF/cm 2 for PFA/no salt at 5 mV/s to up to 80 mF/cm 2 for some PFA/20% Na 2 SO 4 samples at 0.05 mA/cm 2, significantly higher than that of PI-based devices and most other LIG precursors.