Indane-1,3-dione: Versatile precursor for the microwave-assisted synthesis of annulated and spiro-molecular systems
Sherif M. H. Sanad, Ibrahim S. Sanad
Abstract
Microwaves are a type of electromagnetic radiation that, when used in chemical reactions, offer a number of advantages, including energy efficiency, reduced reaction time, higher synthesis rate, reduced by-products, well-defined final products, high purity, and improved physicochemical properties. Therefore, microwaves have been widely used in both organic and inorganic synthesis. Cyclic 1,3-diketones are versatile precursors that could be used to prepare diverse molecular systems. Among them, indane-1,3-dione has been widely used to prepare diverse indeno-fused heterocycles and spiro-heterocyclic derivatives that demonstrated numerous biological applications. This review includes a survey of the available reports where indane-1,3-dione is annulated, resulting in heterocycles with bi-, tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclic rings under microwave irradiation. Moreover, the review investigates the utility of microwave-assisted reactions in the synthesis of indanone-based, spiro-molecular systems. The mechanistic postulates of some complex procedures are highlighted. Some comments are added to highlight the biological applications of the indeno-fused products.