Fluorescence Probe for Imaging <i>N</i>-Methyl-<scp>d</scp>-aspartate Receptors and Monitoring GSH Selectively Using Two-Photon Microscopy
Nahyun Kwon, Chang Su Lim, Gyeongju Ko, Jeongsun Ha, Dayoung Lee, Jun Yin, Hwan Myung Kim, Juyoung Yoon
Abstract
-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) is an excitotoxic amino acid used to identify a specific subset of glutamate receptors. The activity of NMDA receptors is closely related to the redox level of the biological system. Glutathione (GSH) as an antioxidant plays a key role with regard to modulation of the redox environment. In this work we designed and developed a GSH-specific fluorescent probe with the capability of targeting NMDA receptors, which was composed of a two-photon naphthalimide fluorophore, a GSH-reactive group sulfonamide, and an ifenprodil targeting group for the NMDA receptor. This probe exhibited high selectivity toward GSH in comparison to other similar amino acids. Two-photon fluorescence microscopy allowed this probe to successfully monitor GSH in neuronal cells and hippocampal tissues with an excitation at 750 nm. It could serve as a potential practical imaging tool to explore the function of GSH and related biological processes in the brain.