A Review: Sources, Preparation and Application of Nanocellulose
H. T. Xue, Yujie Zhang, Zhuang Zhao, Haoran Gao, Wanlin Bao, Jiaxuan Li, Zhiheng Zhang, Qi Wang, Qiang He
Abstract
Nanocellulose, derived from abundant lignocellulosic biomass, has emerged as a transformative material with unparalleled versatility across industries. This review systematically analyzes its sources, extraction methods, and multidimensional applications. Key findings include: (1) Plant fiber hierarchy dictates nanocellulose properties, with wood-derived cellulose offering high crystallinity and agricultural waste enabling cost-effective production. (2) Acid hydrolysis remains dominant for cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), while mechanical methods yield high-aspect-ratio cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). (3) Nanocellulose’s mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry drive innovations in energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors), biosensors (e.g., glucose monitoring), and biomedical engineering (e.g., 3D-printed scaffolds). Challenges in scalability and sustainability persist, necessitating green synthesis and standardized protocols. This work underscores nanocellulose’s potential as a cornerstone of the circular bioeconomy.