<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:msup> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">˜</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> subclass: Extending the topological classification of black hole thermodynamics
Wantin Ai, Di Wu
Abstract
In this paper, we identify a novel topological subclass, dubbed <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:msup> <a:mover accent="true"> <a:mi>W</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">˜</a:mo> </a:mover> <a:mrow> <a:mn>1</a:mn> <a:mo>+</a:mo> </a:mrow> </a:msup> </a:math> , in the thermodynamics of higher odd-dimensional, multiply rotating Kerr anti–de Sitter (AdS) black holes. This discovery extends the established topological classification beyond the five classes and two subclasses previously known. The <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <e:msup> <e:mover accent="true"> <e:mi>W</e:mi> <e:mo stretchy="false">˜</e:mo> </e:mover> <e:mrow> <e:mn>1</e:mn> <e:mo>+</e:mo> </e:mrow> </e:msup> </e:math> subclass exhibits a unique and previously unreported stability profile: it admits a thermodynamically stable small black hole state in the low-temperature limit, while in the high-temperature limit, the phase space simultaneously contains one stable large black hole, one stable small black hole, and one unstable small black hole state. Our analysis, which treats black hole solutions as topological defects, reveals a richer landscape of black hole thermodynamics than previously understood and necessitates an expansion of the topological classification scheme to accommodate this new phenomenology.