Acute care of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
Vishank Shah, Bhagyashri Bhende, Shubham Biyani, Rohan Mathur, Sung Min Cho, Julian Bösel
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening neurological emergency that afflicts more than 3 million people worldwide each year and has the highest mortality and morbidity of all stroke types. Acute care of ICH patients is targeted towards reducing secondary brain injury by preventing hematoma expansion and alleviating elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) from hydrocephalus, midline shift, brain compression and perihematomal edema. AIM: To provide a practical standard operating procedure (SOP) for the initial evaluation and management of acute spontaneous ICH patients. METHOD: This SOP was developed using the latest clinical guidelines and relevant studies on the management of ICH patients along with the authors' own experience and judgment. RESULTS: Emergent care of ICH patients begins with stabilizing vital functions, rapid systolic blood pressure lowering and simultaneous reversal of any coagulopathy. Code ICH is a novel proposal to incorporate time-based bundled care to ensure timely institution of these therapies within 60 min of presentation. Clinical signs of elevated ICP and herniation should warrant prompt hyperosmolar therapy and emergent ventricular drainage for hydrocephalus. Emergent craniotomy or decompressive craniectomy for mass effect can be a lifesaving measure but may not improve functional outcomes. Early minimally invasive surgical interventions to promote clearance of intraventricular and parenchymal hemorrhage hold promise in not only improving survival but also promoting long-term functional improvement. Most importantly, early therapeutic nihilism must be avoided, and prognostication should be delayed for the first few days to allow time for recovery. CONCLUSION: Avoiding early pessimism and promoting emergent aggressive bundled care for ICH patients can promote favorable outcomes. Minimally invasive surgical interventions to promote prompt blood clearance should be considered to improve long-term recovery.