Nomogram Estimating Vessels Encapsulating Tumor Clusters in Hepatocellular Carcinoma From Preoperative Gadoxetate Disodium‐Enhanced <scp>MRI</scp>
Fang‐Ming Chen, Mingzhan Du, Xiumin Qi, Linjie Bian, Danping Wu, Zhang Shuang-lin, Jitao Wang, Yongping Zhou, Xiaoli Zhu
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Vessels encapsulating tumor clusters (VETC) pattern is a novel microvascular pattern associated with poor outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Preoperative estimation of VETC has potential to improve treatment decisions. PURPOSE: To develop and validate a nomogram based on gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI for estimating VETC in HCC and to evaluate whether the estimations are associated with recurrence after hepatic resection. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. POPULATION: A total of 320 patients with HCC and histopathologic VETC pattern assessment from three centers (development cohort:validation cohort = 173:147). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: A3.0 T/turbo spin-echo T2-weighted, spin-echo echo-planar diffusion-weighted, and 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequences. ASSESSMENT: A set of previously reported VETC- and/or prognosis-correlated qualitative and quantitative imaging features were assessed. Clinical and imaging variables were compared based on histopathologic VETC status to investigate factors indicating VETC pattern. A regression-based nomogram was then constructed using the significant factors for VETC pattern. The nomogram-estimated VETC stratification was assessed for its association with recurrence. STATISTICAL TESTS: Fisher exact test, t-test or Mann-Whitney test, logistic regression analyses, Harrell's concordance index (C-index), nomogram, Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Pathological VETC pattern presence was identified in 156 patients (development cohort:validation cohort = 83:73). Tumor size, presence of heterogeneous enhancement with septations or with irregular ring-like structures, and necrosis were significant factors for estimating VETC pattern. The nomogram incorporating these indicators showed good discrimination with a C-index of 0.870 (development cohort) and 0.862 (validation cohort). Significant differences in recurrence rates between the nomogram-estimated high-risk VETC group and low-risk VETC group were found (2-year recurrence rates, 50.7% vs. 30.3% and 49.6% vs. 31.8% in the development and validation cohorts, respectively). DATA CONCLUSION: The nomogram integrating gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI features was associated with VETC pattern preoperatively and with postoperative recurrence in patients with HCC. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 4 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.