Influence of cross-diffusion, couple stress, and non-Fourier heat flux on Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid flow and entropy generation in a vertical cylinder
G. Revathi, Mamatha S. Upadhya, Raghunath Kodi, Dhananjay Yadav, Haribabu Kommaddi, M. Jayachandra Babu
Abstract
This study analyzes the steady-state flow of Jeffrey hybrid nanofluid through a vertical cylinder, considering cross-diffusion, couple stress, and non-Fourier heat flux effects. The governing equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations and solved numerically. Grid independence is verified to ensure accuracy. Entropy generation analysis reveals that increasing nanoparticle volume fraction, Brinkman number, and thermal radiation significantly elevate entropy due to enhanced thermal gradients. Couple stress increases fluid velocity, while the non-Fourier heat flux model, accounting for thermal relaxation, reduces temperature in regions with rapid thermal variations. Key findings include a 19.4% rise in friction factor with Deborah number (0 to 0.6), a 14.81% drop in Nusselt number with increasing thermal relaxation, and a 9.11% rise in Sherwood number with Soret number. These results offer insights into the thermofluid behavior of hybrid nanofluids, relevant to microfluidic systems, heat exchangers, and chemical processing technologies.