Prenatal and Postnatal Predictive Factors for Children’s Inattentive and Hyperactive Symptoms at 5 Years of Age: The Role of Early Family-related Factors
Hanna Huhdanpää, Isabel Morales‐Muñoz, Eeva T. Aronen, Pirjo Pölkki, Outi Saarenpää‐Heikkilä, Anneli Kylliäinen, E. Juulia Paavonen
Abstract
We examined several parent-reported prenatal and postnatal factors as potential risk factors for attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology in 5-year-old children. Our study is based on the CHILD-SLEEP birth cohort. Several parental questionnaires were collected prenatally (32nd pregnancy week) and postnatally (i.e. child aged 3, 8, and 24 months and at 5 years). At 5 years of age, ADHD symptoms were assessed using questionnaires. Our main results showed that being a boy, parental depressive symptoms, more negative family atmosphere or a child's shorter sleep duration, and maternal authoritarian parenting style predicted inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Maternal and paternal authoritative parenting style predicted less inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Children with several risk factors together had the highest risk for inattentive/hyperactive symptoms. Our findings emphasise the need for early screening and treatment of parental mental health, and early evidence-based targeted parental support, to enable early intervention in those children at a risk of developing ADHD.