Early Dysglycemia Is Detectable Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Very Young Children at Risk of Type 1 Diabetes
Aveni Haynes, Alexandra Tully, Grant J. Smith, Megan A. S. Penno, Maria E. Craig, John M. Wentworth, Tony Huynh, Peter G. Colman, Georgia Soldatos, Amanda J. Anderson, Kelly McGorm, Helena Oakey, Jennifer Couper, Elizabeth A. Davis, ENDIA Study Group, Simon C. Barry, Maria E. Craig, Peter G. Colman, Jennifer J. Couper, Elizabeth A. Davis, Emma E. Hamilton‐Williams, Leonard C. Harrison, Aveni Haynes, Tony Huynh, K. W. Kim, Grant Morahan, Helena Oakey, Megan A.S. Penno, William D. Rawlinson, Richard Sinnott, Georgia Soldatos, Rebecca L. Thomson, Jason A. Tye–Din, Peter Vuillermin, John M. Wentworth, Fergus Cameron, Andrew Day, Prudence Lopez, Amanda J. Anderson, Pat Ashwood, James D. Brown, William T. Hu, Dao Huynh, Kelly McGorm, Kelly Watson, Sarah Beresford, Debra Bezuidenhout, Susan Brandrick, Carlie Butterworth, Jacki Catteau, Helen R. Griffiths, Alison Gwiazdzinski, Candice Hall, Amanda Hulley, Lee Henneken, Renee Kludas, Ying Mateevici, Benjamin Ramoso, Alison Roberts, Alexandra Tully, Rosemary Wood, Sabrina Binkowski, Minh Bui, Abbey Gilbert, Dexing Huang, Ana Karceva, Brydie-Rose Mellor, Gaetano Naselli, Katrina Ngui, Trung Thành Nguyễn, Bina Patel, Vanessa Prajitno, Natalie L. Stone, Thao Phuong Tran, Sapphire Vaega, Emily Ward, Yan Xu, Cynthia Yau, Rachel Battersby, Bek Brittain, Charles Foster, Christopher M. Hope, Preston Leung, Kylie‐Ann Mallitt, Alexandra J. Roth‐Schulze, Tim Sadlon, Bree J. Tillett, Gregory J. Walker, Ying Wong, Enrique Zozaya‐Valdés, Leanne Cavenett
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can detect early dysglycemia in older children and adults with presymptomatic type 1 diabetes (T1D) and predict risk of progression to clinical onset. However, CGM data for very young children at greatest risk of disease progression are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the use of CGM data measured in children being longitudinally observed in the Australian Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) study from birth to age 10 years. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Between January 2021 and June 2023, 31 ENDIA children with persistent multiple islet autoimmunity (PM Ab+) and 24 age-matched control children underwent CGM assessment alongside standard clinical monitoring. The CGM metrics of glucose SD (SDSGL), coefficient of variation (CEV), mean sensor glucose (SGL), and percentage of time >7.8 mmol/L (>140 mg/dL) were determined and examined for between-group differences. RESULTS: The mean (SD) ages of PM Ab+ and Ab- children were 4.4 (1.8) and 4.7 (1.9) years, respectively. Eighty-six percent of eligible PM Ab+ children consented to CGM wear, achieving a median (quartile 1 [Q1], Q3) sensor wear period of 12.5 (9.0, 15.0) days. PM Ab+ children had higher median (Q1, Q3) SDSGL (1.1 [0.9, 1.3] vs. 0.9 [0.8, 1.0] mmol/L; P < 0.001) and CEV (17.3% [16.0, 20.9] vs. 14.7% [12.9, 16.6]; P < 0.001). Percentage of time >7.8 mmol/L was greater in PM Ab+ children (median [Q1, Q3] 8.0% [4.4, 13.0] compared with 3.3% [1.4, 5.3] in Ab- children; P = 0.005). Mean SGL did not differ significantly between groups (P = 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: CGM is feasible and well tolerated in very young children at risk of T1D. Very young PM Ab+ children have increased SDSGL, CEV, and percentage of time >7.8 mmol/L, consistent with prior studies involving older participants.