Mn Ion Dissolution Mechanism for Lithium-Ion Battery with LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Cathode: <i>In Situ</i> Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy and <i>Ab Initio</i> Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Ge Zhou, Xiaorui Sun, Qing-Hao Li, Xuelong Wang, Jienan Zhang, Wanli Yang, Xiqian Yu, Ruijuan Xiao, Hong Li
Abstract
The dissolution of transition-metal (TM) cations into a liquid electrolyte from cathode material, such as Mn ion dissolution from LiMn2O4 (LMO), is detrimental to the cycling performance of Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Though much attention has been paid to this issue, the behavior of Mn dissolution has not been clearly revealed. In this work, by using a refined in situ ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy technique, we monitored the concentration changes of dissolved Mn ions in liquid electrolyte from LMO at different state of charge (SOC), confirming the maximum dissolution concentration and rate at 4.3 V charged state and Mn2+ as the main species in the electrolyte. Through ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, we revealed that the Mn dissolution process is highly related to surface structure evolution, solvent decomposition, and lithium salt. These results will contribute to understanding TM dissolution mechanisms at working conditions as well as the design of stable cathodes.